DNA, Deoxyribonucleic Acid is the hereditary material for life itself. It is unique in every single person, bacteria, plant, or other cell species. Who we are and why is the fundamental understanding of this nucleic acid. DNA nowadays can be used to help cure diseases, making better products to help people in all different areas from biological sources, and maybe one day to extend life itself. The DNA molecule is constructed of a sugar-phosphate backbone, with the four bases, Thymine with Adenine and Guanine with Cytosine. The sugar, Deoxyribose, and the Phosphates make the backbone strong. The shape of DNA is a double helix and the sides run in opposite directions (figured out by Francis Crick). The bases are organized to make messages that are delivered to cells called genes. These genes contain the information to make proteins, which lead to the body's structures and functions. DNA are arranged in chromosomes, or long strands of DNA tightly coiled around a protein. Chromosomes are split apart and copied in cell replication. All 46 chromosomes in the human body make up one's genome. Even though DNA contains the directions for protein synthesis, it does not carry it out. The templates for protein synthesis is mRNA, which carry the instruction to ribosomes, which manufacture the proteins. The ribosome decodes the information and links amino acids together in specific orders to make up the proteins.
     The purpose of the DNA necklace lab is to understand more about the structure and function of DNA, help explain its importance in life, understand the genetic combinations that could occur within our bodies, and how to extract DNA from cells using chemical reactions and certain steps.
     The purpose of the chemicals and their steps in our lab was to extract the DNA from their nuclei in cells. They broke down the plasma membranes, helped maintain pH, killing DNase, which is found "out in the world" beyond the cells that break down DNA. The use of the cold alcohol is to precipitate the DNA so we can put it in our necklaces, and so its visible. The use of the micropipette allows us to use precise measures when preforming our experiments.